Continuous models combining slacks-based measures of efficiency and super-efficiency

Abstract In the framework of data envelopment analysis (DEA), Tone (Eur J Oper Res 130(3):498–509, 2001) introduced slacks-based measure (SBM) efficiency, which is a nonradial model that incorporates all slacks evaluated decision-making units (DMUs) into their efficiency scores, unlike classical radial models. Next, 143(1):32–41, 2002) developed SBM super-efficiency in order to differentiate and rank efficient DMUs, whose scores are always 1. However, as pointed out by Chen 226(2):258–267, 2013), some interpretation problems arise when so-called projections weakly efficient, leading an overestimation score. Moreover, this closely related discontinuity issues implementing conjunction with efficiency. 2013) et al. (Ann 278(1):101–121, 2019) treated these problems, but they did not arrive fully satisfactory solution. paper, we review papers propose new complementary score, called composite SBM, actually fixes counteracting extend different orientations variable returns scale, additive versions. Finally, give examples state open problems.